Industries Class 8 Geography, Chapter 5:.

Extra 30 short-answer questions

1. What is an industry?

Industry refers to economic activities involved in the production of goods, extraction of minerals, and provision of services.

Examples include the iron and steel industry, mining, and tourism.

Industries help in economic development and employment generation.

2. How are industries classified based on raw materials?

Agro-based industries use plant and animal products (e.g., textile, sugar).

Mineral-based industries use minerals and ores (e.g., iron and steel, cement).

Marine-based industries use ocean resources (e.g., seafood processing).

Forest-based industries use wood and other forest products (e.g., paper, furniture).

3. What are the different types of industries based on size?

Small-scale industries: Require less capital and labour (e.g., pottery, handicrafts).

Large-scale industries: Require huge investments and advanced technology (e.g., automobile, petroleum).

Cottage industries: Family-run businesses with traditional techniques (e.g., weaving, embroidery).

4. What are the different types of industries based on ownership?

Private sector: Owned by individuals or companies (e.g., TATA, Reliance).

Public sector: Owned by the government (e.g., Indian Railways, BHEL).

Joint sector: Managed by both private and government entities (e.g., Maruti Suzuki).

Cooperative sector: Owned and operated by a group (e.g., AMUL).

5. What factors influence the location of industries?

Raw materials: Industries need to be close to raw material sources.

Labour supply: Availability of skilled and unskilled workers.

Transport and infrastructure: Good roads, railways, and ports for easy distribution.

Government policies: Tax benefits and industrial policies impact location.

6. Why is raw material availability important for industries?

Reduces transportation costs.

Ensures continuous production.

Helps in cost-effective manufacturing.

Examples: Iron and steel industries near iron ore mines.

7. How does labour availability affect industries?

Skilled labour improves productivity and efficiency.

Reduces training costs for industries.

Labour-intensive industries (e.g., textiles) need a large workforce.

Unavailability of labour leads to higher wages and operational costs.

8. Why is market proximity important for industries?

Reduces transportation expenses.

Ensures fast delivery of products.

Helps industries in understanding customer demand.

Examples: FMCG industries are located near large cities.

9. What is industrial pollution?

Pollution caused by factories releasing harmful waste.

Includes air pollution, water pollution, and land degradation.

Leads to climate change and health issues.

Examples: Smoke from chemical factories polluting the air.

10. How can industrial pollution be controlled?

Use of pollution control devices (e.g., filters in chimneys).

Proper waste management and recycling.

Use of clean energy sources (e.g., solar, wind power).

Strict government regulations and monitoring.

11. What are mineral-based industries?

Industries that use minerals as raw materials.

Examples: Iron and steel, cement, aluminium industries.

These industries are usually located near mining areas.

12. What are agro-based industries?

Industries that use agricultural products as raw materials.

Examples: Cotton textiles, sugar, jute, food processing.

These industries support farmers and rural employment.

13. What are public sector industries?

Industries owned and operated by the government.

Aim to provide public services rather than profits.

Examples: Indian Railways, SAIL, ONGC.

14. What are footloose industries?

Industries that are not dependent on specific locations.

Can be set up anywhere with good infrastructure and skilled labour.

Examples: Software companies, IT industries, diamond cutting.

15. What is a textile industry?

Industry related to the production of fabric and clothing.

Can be cotton, wool, silk, or synthetic fibres.

Major centres: Ahmedabad (India), Manchester (UK).

16. What is the iron and steel industry?

A mineral-based industry that produces steel from iron ore.

Used in construction, automobiles, and infrastructure.

Major producers: China, India, USA.

17. What is a high-tech industry?

Industry using advanced technology and automation.

Examples: IT, aerospace, robotics, biotechnology.

Major hubs: Silicon Valley (USA), Bengaluru (India).

18. Why is the steel industry called the backbone of modern industry?

Steel is used in construction, transportation, and machinery.

Essential for building roads, bridges, and factories.

Supports various industries like automobiles and defence.

19. What is industrialization?

Process of developing industries in an economy.

Leads to urbanization and economic growth.

Helps in job creation and modernization.

20. What are the negative impacts of industries?

Pollution (air, water, soil).

Deforestation for industrial expansion.

Loss of biodiversity due to land degradation.

21. Why is Bangalore known as the "Silicon Valley of India"?

Major centre for IT and software companies.

Home to tech giants like Infosys and Wipro.

Availability of skilled workforce and infrastructure.

22. What are cottage industries?

Small-scale industries run from homes.

Use traditional methods and simple tools.

Examples: Handloom, pottery, embroidery.

23. What is a sunrise industry?

An emerging industry with high growth potential.

Examples: Biotechnology, renewable energy, AI-based industries.

24. What are the effects of globalization on industries?

Increased competition among companies.

Expansion of trade and foreign investment.

Improved technology and production methods.

25. What is the role of transport in industrial development?

Helps in moving raw materials and finished goods.

Reduces costs and improves efficiency.

Examples: Railways for coal, highways for manufacturing goods.

advancements and industrial growth.

26. What are the characteristics of heavy industries?

Require large amounts of raw materials and capital investment.

Use complex machinery and advanced technology.

Produce heavy products like steel, machinery, and automobiles.

Examples: Iron and steel industry, shipbuilding industry.

27. What is the difference between manufacturing and processing industries?

Manufacturing industries convert raw materials into finished goods (e.g., automobile industry).

Processing industries refine raw materials without making a new product (e.g., sugar and oil refining).

Manufacturing involves complex production; processing focuses on purification and refining.

Both contribute to economic growth and industrialization.

28. What are the advantages of industrial regions?

Easy access to raw materials and skilled labour.

Well-developed transport and infrastructure.

Encourage economic growth and job creation.

Examples: Mumbai-Pune industrial belt, Rhine industrial region (Germany).

29. How does industrialization lead to urbanization?

Attracts migrants seeking jobs in industries.

Leads to the growth of cities and infrastructure development.

Creates demand for housing, transport, and social services.

Examples: Delhi, Mumbai, and Bengaluru grew due to industrialization.

30. What are some challenges faced by industries in India?

Shortage of power supply affecting production.

Lack of modern technology and skilled labour.

Environmental issues like pollution and deforestation.

Competition from international markets.